One way student pilots demonstrate the subject matter expertise required to hold a private pilot license (PPL) is by taking and passing a written exam. Some of the topics on this exam are particularly challenging, and certain questions tend to be answered incorrectly more than others.

What Is the Private Pilot Knowledge Exam?

The written exam, known as the PAR (private pilot airplane) or PPL written, is a multiple-choice timed knowledge test. Student pilots take this test after completing ground school. The written test is taken at a computer testing center and requires an endorsement from a CFI stating the student is ready to take the test.

How Many Questions Are on the Private Pilot Written Test?

The multiple-choice computer-based test includes 60 questions with three answer choices per question. Test takers are given 120 minutes to complete the exam. Once the exam is complete or the clock runs out, the test is automatically scored and results are printed at the testing center.

How to Pass the Private Pilot Written Test

You must answer at least 70 percent of FAA private pilot written exam questions correctly to pass. Since the PPL test includes 60 questions, at least 42 of your answers need to be right. Although the test is challenging, the PAR (Private Pilot Airplane) written exam has a 90 percent pass rate with an average score of 82 percent, according to the FAA’s 2023 statistics report.

How to Prepare for the Private Pilot Written Test

One of the best ways to get ready for the FAA PPL written exam is to complete a ground school course. Depending on where you do your flight training, your flight school or flight instructor may provide ground instruction as part of your training syllabus.

If ground school isn’t included in your training program, it’s a great idea to go through a reputable online program on your own. There are many self-paced online courses that teach all the basic concepts needed to pass your written test and be a safe pilot.

10 Hardest Questions on the PPL Written Test

While everyone will have their own unique challenges with ground and flight training, some training topics are more universally misunderstood than others. Also, some test questions are more complicated than others. They may involve charts or data, which can be time-consuming to work through, leaving more room for error.

The actual questions found on the exam and in private pilot written test prep materials are copyrighted. Consequently, while the following example questions are emblematic of those most frequently missed, they are not the exact ones you should expect to find on your PPL written exam. Regardless, if you’re looking for information on how to pass the private pilot written exam, our advice is to pay extra attention to these areas. 

1. Weather Report Interpretation

Weather interpretation is an important skill all pilots must develop to make safe and smart decisions. Decoding and interpreting weather reports can be tough in the beginning, but it’s best to start getting comfortable with the language now. There will likely be at least one or two coded reports on your written exam.

The best way to learn how to decode a meteorological aerodrome (or meteorological terminal air) report (METAR) is to pull up a decoder tool and work through sample reports section by section. You can also use the Weather Center METAR finder to generate real-time reports. 

First, give it your best attempt at decoding unassisted, but if you get really stumped, you can use the decoder for clarity. Obviously, you won’t be able to use a decoder in the exam, so it’s important not to become overly reliant on this tool. 

For extra support with METARs and weather interpretation, King Schools offers an 80-minute training workshop, exclusively on this topic. Check out more King Schools training programs here.

Example question: The remarks section of a METAR report reads RAB28. What does this mean?

2. Airspace Identification and Required Equipment

Written test questions about airspace and sectional charts are designed to test your ability to navigate safely and legally through the skies. Different classes of airspace have different rules, and it’s important to be familiar with the requirements for all airspace types.

To practice for these types of questions, pick an airport on a sectional chart and identify all layers of airspace from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. Check your work with a digital sectional like SkyVector or ForeFlight, or ask a CFI if you’re not sure.

Example question: Identify the airspace over X airport. (A reference image will be provided during the test.)

3. Center of Gravity Graphs and Tables

Weight and balance questions are a test of a pilot’s ability to load their aircraft correctly. Airplanes have a weight limit, and limitations on where weight is placed.

One step that can sometimes get missed on these types of questions is scanning the given chart or graph for all available information. For example, you’ll usually need to reference the chart to find the empty weight of the airplane, and add that to the weights provided in the question. If you add only the given weights (usually weights are defined for pilot, passengers, fuel, and cargo), the total will be far too low and your answer won’t make sense.

Another mistake that is often made here is forgetting to convert the fuel amount from gallons to pounds. Aviation fuel weighs six pounds per gallon. In the example below, the given fuel amount is 50 gallons, but you’ll need to know the weight. The weight (gallons x six pounds. = Weight) is 50 x six, or 350 pounds.

Platforms like Gold Seal and ASA offer some great resources within their ground school program to help students understand and practice weight and balance questions.

Example question: Find the location of the center of gravity on an airplane loaded with the following weights: 

Pilot = 200 pounds 

Passengers in the aft position = 300 pounds 

Baggage = 100 pounds

Fuel = 50 gallons 

(A chart or graph will be provided to plot this information.)

4. Density Altitude

Questions about density altitude range from computing the effects of changes in air temperature to evaluating the best response in a given flight scenario. The important thing to remember with these questions is that density altitude changes inversely with altitude. As altitude increases, density altitude decreases.

Make sure to bring an E6B flight computer into your exam in case you need to calculate density altitude or find a temperature conversion. Sporty’s electronic E6B is an approved tool you can take into the exam and is faster and easier than the classic sliding E6B.

Example question: How does an increase in temperature from 30 degrees Fahrenheit (F) to 45 F affect the density altitude if the pressure altitude remains at 4,000 feet msl?

5. VFR Weather Minimums

It can be tough to keep all of the different requirements straight when it comes to visual flight rules (VFR) weather minimums. Each class of airspace has its own rules, and sometimes the rules change for night vs. day flying. 

A great visual aid to study is Rod Machado’s VFR triangle, check out his training programs! It can be particularly helpful if you’re a visual learner and would like to see the information rather than just reading it out of a textbook.

Example question: What is the minimum distance from clouds required in VFR flight at night in uncontrolled airspace at 9,500 feet msl?

6. Time En Route Calculations

Similar to density altitude calculations, time en route calculations can be done on an E6B flight computer. These questions are easy to miss if you aren’t careful with the many variables and conversions that go into solving the problem. 

Some questions will also intentionally include additional information that isn’t necessary to solve the problem. Don’t let this confuse you. If information doesn’t seem relevant to a question, it may have been added as a distraction.

Example question: How long will it take to travel 35 nautical miles at a ground speed of 105 knots?

7. Landing and Takeoff Distance Calculations

Questions about takeoff and landing distance will almost always be paired with a relevant performance graph. These graphs will look very similar to graphs found in your aircraft’s pilot operating handbook that are used for flight planning. You’ll need to know how to calculate and plot information on these charts accurately to understand how much space you actually need to land and takeoff.

As with other chart- and graph-based questions, overlooking information is a common mistake. There are usually prescribed conditions that are important for an accurate result.

Example question: What is the total distance required for takeoff? (A graph will be provided, and the question will offer details about weather and the aircraft.)

8. VOR Indications

Some VHF omnidirectional range (VOR)-related questions ask you to identify your position on a map based on the indication on the instrument. A great way to better understand these types of questions is to see the VOR in action, either in the airplane, or via simulation. 

You don’t need a full sim to practice using VORs, though. Download a desktop or mobile app, and change up the variables in a controlled environment.

Example question: When using a VOR test signal, if the course deviation indicator is centered, what should the to/from indicator display?

9. Stall Speed

If aerodynamics have your head spinning, you’re not alone. Questions about load factor, stall speed, and center of gravity can appear in the form of charts, graphs, and scenarios.

Visualizing how aerodynamic forces are working on an aircraft can be a powerful way to wrap your head around these types of problems. Courses like those offered by Angle of Attack provide visual examples and explanations of basic aerodynamic principles and more advanced concepts.

It’s helpful to get the same information in multiple ways to create a more well-rounded picture. If staring at the load factor chart just isn’t making it all come together, try watching some videos about wind tunnels, Bernoulli’s principle, and the critical angle of attack.

Example question: What happens to the stall speed of an aircraft when its weight increases?

10. Aircraft Systems and Flight Instruments

If you are taking the written exam before starting any kind of flight training, you might find instrument and system questions particularly challenging. They do become easier with time and experience, but when you’re brand new to flying, the information can be hard to grasp. 

Fly 8MA has a free introductory ground school course full of informative videos, some of which explain and show actual flight instruments and systems. Watching instruments and systems in action will help you understand how they function.

Example question: Which instruments would be affected if the static port became blocked?

Plan to Pass the Private Pilot Written Exam

The best way to prepare for this test is to set a date, ideally no more than two to four weeks after finishing ground school while the material is fresh in your mind. Once you’ve set that date, devote regular time to study and run through practice questions to make the certification process that much smoother, and your flying that much safer.

And keep in mind that regardless of whether you’ve already started flight training, going through an approved ground school will set you up for success— both in the airplane and on your PPL exams. 

FAQ

How much is a PPL written test?

The PPL written exam costs $175 for both first-time tests and retakes. If a passing score of at least 70 percent isn’t reached on the first try, it will cost $175 to retake it.

Is the PPL exam hard?

The written exam is challenging and requires a lot of study and preparation ahead of time. Still, if you take your studies seriously, you have a good chance of passing on the first try. The FAA reports a 90 percent pass rate on the PPL written exam.

Where can I take the FAA written exam?

To sign up to take the written exam, first create an account with FAA PSI Exams. Once your account is set up, you can select the exam type (the three-letter code for private pilot certification is PAR) and choose a testing location near you. Exam slots only open up to two weeks in advance, so it’s best to wait until you’re ready to take the exam before scheduling a time.

The post What Are the 10 Hardest FAA Private Pilot Written Exam Questions? appeared first on Plane & Pilot Magazine.

This was back in 1996. A recently released National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) report puts a modern twist on pilots showing off. It turns out we don’t need Mom, Dad, or a Tomcat jet fighter to bend our safety sense. We don’t even have to do anything that feels extreme.

It was May 17, 2021. The weather in Michigan was good. Summer felt close. A 23-year-old pilot departed the Clare Municipal Airport (48D) in a Cessna 182, flying low and slow for two hours. He had a passion for aviation, already logging more than 600 hours aloft. The week before he had obtained his commercial multiengine rating, taking another step closer to his goal of becoming an airline pilot. He landed at the Romeo State Airport (D98) in Ray Center, purchased fuel, and departed from there at noon. An hour later, cruising at 500 feet, suddenly, with no warning and no radio call, the Cessna crashed into a dirt field.

He was flying pipeline patrol. This is a big business. There are loads of commercial pilots in high-wing planes flying above oil and gas pipelines. They are looking for leaks (apparently you can see changes in the vegetation around the leak) and right-of-way encroachments (such as construction activity, trees, or repetitive riding of ATVs causing erosion). Sometimes they fly with an observer, sometimes solo. On this day, the accident pilot was alone in his employer’s 182.

The 1965 Cessna 182H with a 230 hp engine had been flying for the pipeline patrol company for years. NTSB postaccident examination of the wreckage “did not reveal any evidence of a mechanical malfunction or failure that would have prevented normal operation of the airplane.” Likewise, autopsy results showed no medical issues for the deceased pilot. And the accident wasn’t tied to a metrological event. Ten miles away, the official observation was 74 degrees, scattered clouds at 5,500 feet, visibility 10 miles, wind 210 degrees at 5 knots. But the reason for the crash was obvious. It was even marked on the sectional chart.

Close to the field with the main wreckage was a 1,049-foot-high radio tower. The left wing and left cabin door were found by the tower’s base. The NTSB determined the probable cause for the accident to be “the pilot’s failure to maintain adequate visual lookout to ensure clearance from the radio tower and its guy wires.” Radar data shows the Cessna maintaining about 450 to 500 feet above ground level tracking the pipeline northwest. He had been maintaining the normal position, to the right of the pipeline. That’s standard operating procedure for airplanes and helicopters following roads or pipelines. Then he turned a little left, coming out of position and crossing over the pipeline. He wasn’t where he should have been. This was the side with the radio tower.

He saw it too late. The Cessna suddenly pitched up, climbing at 1,500 fpm. But it still collided with a tower support guy wire. The left wing separated from the fuselage at the wing root, falling almost straight down. The rest of the plane impacted in a field, a third of a mile from the tower.

That’s the “how” of the plane crash. But why did the pilot come off track? Why didn’t he see the tower earlier?

After the accident, the NTSB found that “it is likely the pilot was distracted while he used his mobile device in the minutes before the accident and did not maintain an adequate visual lookout.” Managing distractions is an airmanship task, requiring taking charge of our attention. And, down low, attention must be outside the cockpit. The mobile device the NTSB referenced was a smartphone, and this pilot wasn’t just texting or snapping photos, he had an audience. He was posting videos on Snapchat.

• READ MORE: Handheld Avionics

For those who don’t know, Snapchat is a social media messaging, photo, and video sharing platform popular with younger generations. Its defining feature is immediacy. Content is only available for a short time before becoming inaccessible, and after 24 hours it’s automatically erased. Several people were watching the pilot live on Snapchat. They were following his progress on the app’s map. Shortly before the accident, a video reportedly depicted the terrain ahead of the airplane’s position, including wind turbines and cornfields.

By the time the NTSB investigator in charge found out about the Snapchats, the platform had already deleted the footage. The agency was able to obtain screenshots of the Snapchat map, showing the pilot’s position as a jaunty, red biplane, and interviewed two people who had been watching online.

The last post was likely sent 35 seconds before the accident. He was 1.5 miles southeast of the tower, heading right toward it. If you’re playing with your phone, you’re not flying the plane. The NTSB concluded that “contributing to the accident was the pilot’s unnecessary use of his mobile device during the flight, which diminished his attention/monitoring of the airplane’s flight path.” He was too busy showing off.

Airline pilots impose a “sterile cockpit” below 10,000 feet, where phones are put away, and they don’t even talk about anything other than the flight. My glider club bans GoPros in the cockpit for the first month of the season. Professional YouTube pilots have assistants and set up multiple cameras that need no attention in flight.

Hollywood pilots extensively plan film shots and use professional aerial videographers.

After that F-14 crash, an NTSB investigator told me: “The most dangerous thing for an airplane is a camera.” Maybe pilots trying to be social media influencers should ponder this question—who is their camera really influencing? 

The post After the Accident: It’s Not Worth Showing Off appeared first on Plane & Pilot Magazine.

Before wheels up en route to OSH, it’s essential to become familiar with the EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2024 Notice (commonly known and published before as Oshkosh NOTAMS ). The Notice provides detailed, necessary information to make your arrival and departure to this year’s 71st fly-in convention, held July 22nd through 29th, a success.

With more than 10,000 aircraft expected to arrive at Wittman Regional and other nearby airports, the density of aircraft is only exceeded by the hundreds of thousands of attendees in total that are expected to attend this year. And just because you may be familiar with last year’s arrival and departure notes, keep in mind that there are some new changes in store for you this year. In fact, many of the updated changes for this year were a direct result of feedback from pilots like you, with a dose of FAA recommendations as well.

So, what can you expect if you are flying into OSH this year (other than the requisite sweaty palms?) The first thing to consider is that the 2024 Notice is effective from Noon CDT on Thursday, July 18 through Noon CDT on Monday, July 29. Since many different aircraft types traverse the airspace, the FAA-designed Notice provides procedures for the many types of aircraft flying in for the event.

• READ MORE: Welcome to Oshkosh

Some of the surprise changes for this year include a TFR that will be in effect in Milwaukee (KMKE) airspace from July 15 through 18, a direct result of the Republican National Convention taking place during this time.

Anyone who has flown into AirVenture in the past is well familiar with the FISK holding procedure. However, don’t get too comfy with that procedure this year, as the FISK holding procedure has changed, as evidenced by several pages dedicated to these changes in the Notice. By the way, for you early birds, there are no FISK arrivals on Thursday, July 25, before 8 a.m., so go ahead and enjoy that Grand Slam breakfast and plan your arrival accordingly.

As before, ATC assignable transition points will also be part of the 2024 plan. This includes approaching Oshkosh from the west, which is planned to ease holding and congestion.

Transition points include Endeavor Bridge, Puckaway Lake, and Green Lake. These will be announced on the arrival ATIS when ATC activates these points, typically during high traffic times.

Even seasoned pilots will tell you that preparation is critical to your safe and successful journey to and from AirVenture. EAA’s vice president of advocacy and safety, Sean Elliott, says, “The most essential information for any pilot flying to Oshkosh involves reading and thoroughly understanding the 2024 AirVenture Notice to ensure safe operations on arrival and departure.”

With total aircraft operations at Wittman alone expected to average up to 148 takeoffs and landings per hour when the airport is open, understanding the procedures in detail becomes even more critical.

As a successful fly-in attendee, you will be part of a group of pilots who will experience one of the most exhilarating aspects of general aviation—flying into EAA AirVenture: an experience that should not be taken lightly.

Pilots can download a digital version of the Notice at EAA.org/NOTAM.

The post Changes in the 2024 AirVenture Notice Worth Examining appeared first on Plane & Pilot Magazine.

• READ MORE: Tecnam Brings the P-Mentor to North America

About the P-Mentor

The post Tecnam Earns Part 23 Cert for P-Mentor appeared first on Plane & Pilot Magazine.

Working on airplanes is like the Wild West sometimes. You have the good, the bad, and the ugly. Here are the top five attributes that should indicate your mechanic or shop is operating in the green:

Certifications

In the 1989 movie Parenthood, Keanu Reeves’ character states you need a license to buy a dog, drive a car, and even catch a fish. Guess what else you need a license for? If you said work on an airplane, you would be wrong. 

You need a license to return an airplane to service. Are individuals certified airframe and powerplant (A&P) mechanics? If you are inquiring about a maintenance repair and overhaul (MRO), are they CFR Part 145 certified? 

Stick with certified mechanics and shops. Just because someone’s cousin has a sick Chevelle and could change your Mooney’s oil doesn’t mean you should let them.

Tools and Equipment

Tools and shop equipment are the mechanisms by which we aircraft mechanics ply our trade. Are the  tools calibrated? Like a surgeon’s scalpel, we rely on the precision of our measuring instruments, the integrity of the torque wrench, and the sweet sound of the one-quarter-inch SK ratchet clicking through its turn. 

Airplanes are notorious for tight turn radius, and the SK version was second to none. For top-notchers, it is all about performance, not the show.

Technical Publications

Just like a pop quiz, if an inspector casually inquires about the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow, the proper thing to do is puff up one’s chest and spout the answer in a good voice, right?

Wrong.

I have mentioned my ex-partner from the engine shop and his propensity to drop some knowledge on anyone who crossed his path—especially the FAA. It finally got to the point where I coached my crew to answer, regardless of the question, with this phrase: “Whatever the latest revision of the manual states.” 

I once had a primary maintenance inspector (PMI) advise me to stamp any printed material “FOR REFERENCE ONLY” in big red letters. His rationale was that the manual could have changed while we walked from the office to the shop.

I know this seems a bit like overkill, but there is truth in the sacred texts. It amazes me the number of mechanics I encounter who call the parts dealer with no clue as to the part number of their line replaceable unit (LRU). Ensure the facility you use is up to date and has the content library for your make and model.

Safety

Have you ever tried to pull over and check under the hood at 9,000 feet? That’s tough to do. Of course, no one is perfect, and accidents happen, but at what severity and frequency? 

Do a little homework on the shop or mechanic you are considering. Have they been cited by the FAA for naughty behavior? Remember, it’s all fun and games until someone gets their name in the newspaper.

Culture

The previous points are fairly straightforward. Is the entity certified? With a little due diligence, one can ascertain if the tooling is in order, technical publications accessible, and everyone has a clean record. 

What you truly need to understand is the culture. Specifically, are the employees empowered to speak up if something is wrong? In the case of a sole proprietor, is he or she the type of person to come clean and be honest with you?

We had a standing rule at my 145 engine shop. If you drop a tool in an engine and you raise your hand in confession, nothing bad will happen to you. It might be a long weekend, and no one is going fishing on Saturday, but zero disciplinary action would come down on you. What would happen is called a safety stand-down, Everyone stops what they are doing, and we go after the tool/part/foreign object debris. 

Have you ever heard the phrase “trust your instincts?” Well, it applies in this case as well. The best piece of advice I will give you—and I cannot stress this enough—is to spend some time on-site. Visit the shop several times if you can. Go unannounced and see how the staff react. I once knew a shop where, upon first sight of a dark late model Ford, the employees would scatter to the wind—all of them. For the record, I do not recommend that shop to my clients.

You will notice I didn’t mention how long it has been in business. Experience matters, but only competent experience. There are some working in the industry that are doing it wrong and have been for years. Stick with the professionals. 

Editor’s Note: This article first appeared on Flying.

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Ahead of us some 1,000 feet down the runway there was a bald eagle standing on the centerline, scarfing down the carcass of what looked like a large white rabbit. We brought the aircraft to a stop as the bird stopped its feeding frenzy and hopped toward us, spreading its wings and obviously saying, “Come at me, bro!” in eagle.  

We had three choices: We could try to scare the bird away by heading toward it and run over the carcass in the process, go off the runway to the side and take our chances in the grass area that needed mowing, or we could do a 180-degree turn and taxi back. I chose door number three and in taking the aircraft demonstrated the pivot turn to the learner.   

As he taxied us back to the ramp, I got on the unicom and reported that there was an eagle parked on the runway. That brought out the airport manager with his truck and big shovel. He scared off the bird by waving the tool, then picked up the remains of the white rabbit and flung it into the woods on the east side of the airport. The eagle flew after the carcass. Within 10 minutes there was a warning on the one-minute weather about wildlife in the vicinity of the airport.   

The airport manager later told me that as it was May and the carcass was that of a white domesticated rabbit and figured it was a pet Easter bunny that had been dumped. Sadly, this happens a lot and pretty much condemns the animal to death. He also noted that there is no such thing as one rabbit, suggesting the abandoned pet was pregnant when it was left and likely mixed with the wild population, resulting in more rabbits. Their presence attracts the higher predators such as coyotes and eagles—two animals you definitely don’t want to hit with an aircraft. He was right. In the following weeks, there was an uptick in coyote and eagle encounters at the airport.  

One of the most frequently asked questions is how much trouble would a pilot be in if they accidentally hit a bald eagle—or any animal for that matter. The answer is none. However, the FAA has provided us with guidance with Advisory Circular (AC) 150/5200-32B.   

According to the AC, pilots are asked to report encounters with all birds, bats, and terrestrial mammals larger than 2.2 pounds. That means if you hit a rabbit, muskrat, armadillo, fox, coyote, domestic animal, deer or something else with hooves, the FAA wants to know about it because it helps the agency create wildlife management plans to make airports safer.   

Additionally, biologists want to know about these things because it can help them track migratory patterns.  

An increase in animal activity at an airport can also be a clue that there is something else happening on the property.  

For example, when deer and elk started appearing en masse on the north end of the airport, the manager realized there was likely a hole in the fence against the tree line. There were thick trees on both sides of the fence, so getting to it involved making your way through a lot of slash and uneven terrain. But someone did it and had cut the chain-link fence intentionally.  

Based on the tire tracks that appeared to be from ATVs—and the number of hangars that were broken into—it was suggested that someone was accessing the airport to steal tools and anything else they could sell for scrap metal. 

If You Hit an Animal

The AC has instructions on how to file a report and with whom. Pilots are asked to do this when “bird or other wildlife remains, whether in whole or in part, are found: (1) Within 250 feet of a runway centerline or within 1,000 feet of a runway end unless another reason for the animal’s death is identified or suspected.”  

In addition, the FAA wants to know about it if “the presence of birds or other wildlife on or off the airport had a significant negative effect on a flight,” such as forcing the pilot to abort takeoff or the aircraft leaving the pavement to avoid a collision.   

You can report the event online at the Airport Wildlife Hazard Mitigation website or via mobile devices.

The Worst Thing to Hit

According to the AC, the animal encounters that are likely to result in the most damage are  white-tailed deer, snow goose, turkey vultures and Canada geese.   

I have encountered all of these, fortunately from a distance. Mostly we have geese in the Pacific Northwest, and airports invest a lot of time and money into methods to deter the birds from roosting there. This includes noise cannons, using an airport dog to chase them away, or having someone drive around in a golf cart to chase them away.  

There are some airports that disguise ponds on their property by filling them with black or gray plastic balls (think the ball pit at a kid’s amusement center). From the air the birds see the black and gray and assume that it is cement, not water, so they do not land.  

If you see a gaggle of geese near the runway, notify airport personnel before you take off or land. The staff will likely chase them off before you take the runway. Bonus note: If you land at an airport and see plywood dogs mounted on revolving poles in the airport grass infield, that’s a good indication they have bird issues. Birds see the faux dogs moving in the wind and avoid the area.  

Avoiding Birds

You can decrease your chances of having a bird strike by avoiding places they congregate, such as bird sanctuaries. Pay attention to the altitude restrictions noted on the VFR sectional and terminal charts, especially along coastlines.   

Most birds fly at 2,500 feet or less, so flying higher than that can mitigate your risk. Be careful with flocks of starlings and seagulls as their numbers can create serious issues if you fly through them. If you see them on the ground, don’t buzz them. They will likely launch in a panic with disastrous results.  

Unfortunately, most of our knowledge about bird strike avoidance is theoretical and anecdotal. Some pilots believe that turning on the landing light will deter birds because they will see and avoid the aircraft.  

If you see a bird approaching head-on, pull up, being careful not to stall the aircraft. The birds often dive to avoid aircraft—so do bats. But sometimes you just don’t have the time to react. I speak from experience.  

I was flying with a learner on downwind at an altitude of 1,000 feet agl when we saw a red-tailed hawk heading right for us. It had descended into the pattern, and it was going the opposite direction. It had its belly toward us, and it was flapping wildly. There was a thump, followed by a shudder in the airframe, and we felt and heard something roll over the top of the aircraft. I took the controls and gingerly tested the rudder and elevator while my learner looked outside for damage. We didn’t see any, and the landing was normal. After landing we discovered a small dent, and some blood and feathers stuck to the top wing next to the air vent.  

We had noted where the strike took place, including the altitude and our airspeed at the time of impact. This information was used to fill out the FAA Bird/Wildlife Strike Report.   

We were lucky because we were not going too fast, and the bird did not hit the windscreen. The higher the speed, the greater risk of structural damage. GA aircraft windscreens are definitely not designed to withstand bird strikes.  

The most important thing to remember if you encounter a bird strike is to fly the airplane. Pilots who have experienced bird strikes that resulted in significant damage tell stories of the aircraft “flying a little wonky” because of a big dent in the wing or tail and having trouble maintaining altitude if the windscreen is compromised.  

But they lived to tell the story. That’s what’s important.

The post Avoiding and Surviving Bird Strikes appeared first on Plane & Pilot Magazine.

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Pilots understand that adherence to professional standards is nowhere more critical than during approach to the airport and landing. Fighter pilots instinctively understand this. When they return to the airfield or aircraft carrier, the formation gets a little tighter and the radio calls are more concise.

They follow the rules partly because they understand the cost of making a mistake is high, and they know everyone is watching.

The Super Bowl of traffic pattern operations is Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (KATL) during rush hour. Hundreds of flights coordinated into an aerial ballet, a series of machine-gun-like radio instructions, carrying thousands of passengers safely to their terminal just in time so they can run and catch their next flight. Achieving this level of safety and efficiency requires everyone to adhere to a strict code of behavior. However, the same may not always be said of the traffic pattern at your local towered or especially nontowered airport.

So why do we care about traffic pattern discipline so much? According to the FAA’s Airplane Flying Handbook (AFH), the vast majority of midair collisions occur in good visibility between aircraft going in the same direction, near uncontrolled airports, and at altitudes below 1,000 feet. Sounds like Saturday afternoon in the touch-and-go pattern. Maybe it is worth a few minutes to review the basics of traffic pattern requirements, midair collision avoidance, and proper pattern etiquette.

High Wings, Low Wings, and the Standard Traffic Pattern

The “Friendly Aviation Administration” is sufficiently concerned about traffic pattern etiquette to have just released an update to Advisory Circular 90-66C, “Non-Towered Airport Flight Operations.” However, this updated AC, the AFH, and Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (PHAK) are all quick to point out that the FAA does not regulate traffic pattern entry—only the traffic flow pattern. Thus, all traffic at a nontowered airport is expected to blend into the existing left traffic pattern unless right traffic is specified on the sectional chart or the chart supplement.

However, if we look carefully at the recommended box-shaped general aviation traffic pattern with its series of straight and level legs connected by brief 45- and 90-degree turns, it is designed to nearly eliminate the blind spots associated with both high- and low-wing aircraft. The 45-degree entry leg allows for aircraft entering and those in the pattern to see each other out the side windows while still in level flight. The level downwind and base legs, each separated by 90-degree turns, perform the same function. We might ask, why does the FAA recommend traffic on the crosswind leg turn onto downwind after reaching pattern altitude? Once again, it reduces the risk associated with the high-wing/low-wing blind spot.

Nonstandard Patterns, Blind Spots, and Belly Checks

So, what happens when things do not go strictly to plan? A couple of recent accidents come to mind.

On May 12, 2021, a Cirrus SR22 at Centennial Airport (KAPA) in the Denver suburb of Englewood, Colorado, made what may have been a nearly constant base turn at higher-than-normal pattern speed and literally flew right through the rear upper fuselage of a Fairchild Metroliner on a straight-in approach. Thankfully, the Metroliner landed on the runway, and the Cirrus parachute saved the day for the single.

Then, on July 17, 2022, there was an accident involving a Piper Malibu and a Cessna 172 both operating at North Las Vegas Airport (KVGT). The towered airport has parallel runways: 12R/30L and 12L/30R. The Piper Malibu was making a teardrop-shaped constant left turn to final from midfield, was assigned Runway 30L but appeared to line up on Runway 30R and collided with a Cessna 172 making a right base to final turn to the same runway. All four occupants of the Cessna and Piper were killed. These two accidents highlight a significant visibility limitation inherent in every aircraft. Once we have accounted for the high/low-wing visibility limitation, the remaining blind spot is the belly of our own plane.

• READ MORE: Pro Tips: Situational Awareness For Private Pilots

Our fighter pilot friends can’t see through the floor of their jets either. OK, so the F-35 with its $400,000 pilot helmet actually can, but that’s another story. When a fighter pilot executes a quick descent or a sustained steep turn, a quick roll to the left or right, often called a belly check, allows them to clear this primary blind spot. Fly the pattern too fast, fail to roll out on the base leg, or fly a nonstandard curvilinear turn to the final approach, and you increase your risk of being belly up to other traffic. Follow the recommended pattern etiquette, and you dramatically reduce the chance of a collision.

Another example of mixing curved and box patterns is the overhead pattern. This approach, often used by warbirds, especially in formation, consists of an initial leg at pattern altitude, followed by a 180-degree “pitch out” to the downwind and another 180-degree turn to final. This military pattern is a great method to get fast airplanes, especially in formation, slowed down, separated, and on the ground quickly, notably at a towered airport where the traffic flow can be managed. However, at a nontowered airport it places the airplane turning downwind from the overhead pattern belly up to anyone joining the downwind from the 45-degree leg. The same thing occurs with the curvilinear turn to final.

The moral of the story is that mixing curvilinear and box patterns creates belly blind spots that the designers of the recommended nontowered airport traffic pattern can’t help you with.

The Crosswind Entry Option

Gather any 10 pilots together and ask about the best method for entering the downwind leg crosswind from midfield and watch the arguments begin. The option preferred by the FAA involves crossing the airport at midfield 500 feet above pattern altitude and then making a constant turning descent to join the 45-degree leg to downwind (see AFH Chapter 8, fig. 8-3). This approach makes it easier to blend into traffic.

However, the constant descending turn to the 45-degree entry leg places the pilot belly up to aircraft entering on the 45-degree entry. Sounds like a belly check is in order. The other alternative involves entering a midfield crosswind leg at pattern altitude and then joining the downwind. The plus is that all the traffic is in the pilot’s front and side windows before the turn. The downside is that two aircraft, one turning downwind from the crosswind leg and another on the 45-degree entry, are belly up to each other. Whichever you choose, it is good to understand the plus and minuses of each, and the need to check your belly blind spot for traffic.

Proper Communication Etiquette

There is no requirement to make radio calls in the pattern at a nontowered airport. In fact, NORDO (no radio) airplanes are welcome. Having said that, our friends at the FAA remind us that concise and accurate “self-announcement” is the proper etiquette. The term self-announcement is a reminder that each transmission should announce your position and intentions so that others in the pattern can plan accordingly. The updated advisory circular goes to great pains to drive home a couple of salient points.

First, radio calls should include the type of aircraft and the N-number. Recently, I have noticed pilots substituting the color and type of aircraft for the N-number. I fly at a busy feeder airport that serves at least five flight schools. So, when a pilot transmits “blue-and-white Cessna turning base,” I casually look out the window and note that there are at least five Cessnas that fit that description in the pattern.

Second, the FAA reminds us that the phrase “any traffic in the area, please advise” is a nonstarter. I believe the point it is trying to make is that traffic pattern radio calls are not a conversation. Rather, each “self-announcement,” starting at 8 to 10 miles out and ending when we clear the runway, is for the benefit of the entire pattern to provide a safe environment.

Start Planning Early

Hey, I seem to remember that my CFI asked me to start planning my arrival before takeoff, not 10 miles out! Hmm, I thought the traffic patterns here are all left hand, right? Not so fast. If the letters “RP” are listed below the runway length and elevation on the sectional, then a glance through the chart supplement will reveal right-hand traffic prevails on one or more runways. Preflight is also a great time to catch up on possible noise restrictions, NOTAMs, special instructions, and nearby transmission towers.

I am also an advocate for spending the extra bucks to get ADS-B In as well as ADS-B Out. Having the airport traffic pattern picture on a portable iPad while still 10 miles out is priceless. I tend to use the traffic information to correlate the N-numbers I hear on the radio (no aircraft colors or paint schemes please) with traffic locations. All the while I remember that ADS-B of any kind is not required at Class D or nontowered airports. Once established on the 45 to downwind, your Mark One Eyeballs are the best collision avoidance devices. I transition to 100 percent out the window, but the aural traffic alarm provided by the ADS-B In receiver is good insurance while scanning outside for conflicting traffic.

Keeping the Tower Crew Happy 

What might the tower crews want us to remember? First, some smaller towers have radar and some do not. In either case, it is important to keep your patterns close in and avoid the dreaded “bomber pattern.” What the tower cannot see, it cannot control. Second, at a busy training airport, be ready to go when you call the tower. If given a clearance for an “immediate takeoff, no delay,” the tower expects your wheels to start turning right away. This is not the time to start the pretakeoff checklist. If you are not ready to go, just say so and stay put. Third, keep your radio transmissions informative and brief. If you have a question, please be sure to ask, but beware of the long-drawn-out soliloquies that block the frequency. Fourth, if cleared to land number three, make sure to visually identify both number one and number two. Failure to do so may result in one of those high-wing/low-wing close encounters, or worse, on final approach. Finally, just like at a nontowered airport, be on your guard at all times for traffic. Good traffic pattern etiquette requires teamwork between the tower and pilots.

Be Safe Out There

Greasing on the perfect landing (are we down yet?) is one of the most satisfying parts of flying. Our behavior in the traffic pattern is a reflection of just how professional we are. Just like the jet jocks who clean up their act as they approach the airport traffic pattern, we all have a responsibility to be prepared, know the rules and recommendations, and execute the proper traffic pattern etiquette. Midair collision avoidance is a team sport that requires each of us to know where to be and what to do once we get there. Fly safe!

Editor’s Note: This story originally appeared in the October 2023 issue of Plane & Pilot magazine. 

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“After nearly two years of rigorous R&D, testing, and production preparation, Icon is excited to announce that it has increased the gross weight of the A5 by 60 pounds, resulting in a new useful load of 490 pounds (up from 430 pounds),” the company stated.

How can ICON do that before MOSAIC arrives? Isn’t the limit 1,430 pounds, as permitted on LSA seaplanes or floatplanes? Well, no.

ICON did not initially use all the gross weight given to it. After engineers proved the structure could carry more weight, the company could make the change and amend its ASTM documentation for the FAA, a task made easier as Icon has already worked closely with the FAA on a Type Certified version of A5 in the primary category.

• READ MORE: The Icon A5: An LSA Amphib That Handles Like A Dream

As the A5’s Rotax 912iS burns less than five gallons of fuel per hour, the company says “this equates to an additional two hours of endurance or the ability to carry more baggage or heavier passengers.”

Backwards compatibility is of interest to present A5 owners. “All 2024 A5s will include this weight increase, and the solution can also be retrofitted on previous models as part of an option package that includes a 4-blade lightweight propeller from eProps that delivers increased performance and additional weight savings,” ICON said.

Said Jerry Meyer, ICON’s CEO: “In response to feedback from our owners and prospective customers, we elected to undertake further research and development to test the airframe and fully understand what we needed to do to increase the useful load. The solution is a reinforcement of our commitment to innovation, and a 60-pound increase is significant, especially in the LSA category.”

4-Blade eProp

In conjunction with the gross weight increase, Icon said the 4-blade propeller that it announced in 2023 is now standard on all new A5 LSA. The company said “eProps’ new propeller provides a 21 percent reduction in ground takeoff roll in standard conditions, increasing the versatility and safety of the aircraft.”

“The 4-blade propeller is a huge upgrade to my ICON A5,” said Santiago Masdeau, an A5 owner based in south Florida. “I’ve flown more than 100 hours with the original 3-blade and now I have around 20 hours on the new carbon fiber 4-blade. Immediately, I noticed less vibration and noise, better acceleration, and improved takeoff distances. I’ve also experienced an increase on my cruise speed at 5,000 rpm and lower fuel burn. The entire experience is better, and it looks amazing, too!”

A 2024 A5 Limited Edition starts at $409,000 with the Garmin G3X Touch available as an upgrade. Additional options include autopilot, a digital attitude indicator, a variety of signature paint schemes and colors, and Sirius XM Weather.

The company believes that type certification will allow Icon to expand its market potential around the world, especially in countries that have not yet adopted ASTM standards. The type certified version of the 2024 Icon A5 starts at $434,000.

The post ICON Bumps Useful Load of A5 LSA Seaplane appeared first on Plane & Pilot Magazine.

The conference highlights included briefings from FAA staff on upcoming regulatory changes that may affect flight training, from TSA staff regarding the health and volume of training for international students, and specifically from FAA reps in the aero medical focal area. The FAA is working to modernize how it manages behavioral health reporting, approvals for return to flight for pilots who report and seek appropriate treatment, and safety concerns related to behavioral trends in the pilot community.

Discussions also included consideration of future technology integration into the entire aviation sector but also specifically the aviation training landscape. With exciting and unique technologies on the near horizon, some of the speakers and discussions hinted at what may be coming soon to implement technologies in aviation training.

“We are excited to continue the growth of this conference, the communication it drives between all participants, and the importance of sharing of information it facilitates to improve flight training services in the entire system,” said FSANA CEO and president Robert Rockmaker.

FSANA is already beginning to plan for the 2025 conference that will take place in Orlando, Florida, next February. If you are a participant in the flight training sector, keep an eye out for more information on the next event.

The post FSANA Conducts Annual Flight School Operators Conference appeared first on Plane & Pilot Magazine.